Small deformations of polygons

نویسنده

  • Jean-Marc Schlenker
چکیده

We describe the first-order variations of the angles of Euclidean, spherical or hyperbolic polygons under infinitesimal deformations such that the lengths of the edges do not change. Using this description, we introduce a vector-valued quadratic invariant b on the space of those isometric deformations which, for convex polygons, has a remarkable positivity property. We give two geometric applications. The first is an isoperimetric statement for hyperbolic polygons: among the convex hyperbolic polygons with given edge lengths, there is a unique polygon with vertices on a circle, a horocycle, or on one connected component of the space of points at constant distance from a geodesic, and it has maximal area. The second application is a new proof of the infinitesimal rigidity of convex polyhedra in the Euclidean space, and a new rigidity result for polyhedral surfaces in the Minkowski space. Finally we indicate how the invariant b can be used to define natural metrics on the space of convex spherical (or hyperbolic) polygons with fixed edge lengths. Those metrics are related to known (and interesting) metrics on the space of convex polygons with given angles in the plane. Résumé On décrit les déformations infinitésimales des angles d’un polygone euclidien, sphérique ou hyperbolique sous les déformations infinitésimales qui préservent les longueurs des arêtes. On en déduit la définition d’un invariant quadratique à valeurs vectorielles b sur l’espace de ces déformations isométriques qui, pour les polygones convexes, a une propriété remarquable de positivité. On donne deux applications géométriques. La première est un énoncé isoperimétrique pour les polygones hyperboliques: parmi les polygones hyperboliques convexes dont les longueurs des arêtes sont données, il existe un unique élément dont les sommets sont sur un cercle, un horocycle, ou dans une composante connexe de l’ensemble des points à distance constante d’une droite, et son aire est maximale. La seconde application est une nouvelle preuve de la rigidité infinitésimale des polyèdres euclidiens, et un nouveau résultat de rigidité pour les surfaces polyèdrales dans l’espace de Minkowski. Finalement on indique comment l’invariant b peut être utilisé pour définir des métriques naturelles sur l’espace des polygones convexes sphériques (ou hyperboliques) dont les longueurs des cotés sont fixés. Ces métriques sont reliées à des métriques connues, et intŕessantes, sur les espaces de polygones euclidiens convexes dont les angles sont fixés.

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تاریخ انتشار 2008